{"id":443815,"date":"2026-06-15T22:25:46","date_gmt":"2026-06-15T20:25:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/?p=443815"},"modified":"2026-06-15T21:57:01","modified_gmt":"2026-06-15T19:57:01","slug":"longtemps-attribuees-hommes-oeuvres-en-realite-signees-femmes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/culture\/long-attributed-to-men-works-actually-signed-by-women-443815","title":{"rendered":"Long attributed to men, these works were in fact signed by women"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>For centuries, women created, composed, wrote, and innovated without always receiving the recognition they deserved. Their talents were sometimes minimized, their signatures erased or replaced by those of men more readily accepted by their time. Today, historians are re-examining these narratives to give these pioneers the place they deserve.<\/p>\n<h2> Judith Leyster, the star that history had forgotten<\/h2>\n<p> In the 17th century, the Dutch painter Judith Leyster made her mark in a largely male-dominated world. The first woman admitted to the Haarlem painters&#39; guild, she created vibrant scenes populated by musicians and everyday people. Yet, after her death, her name fell into oblivion. For more than two centuries, her paintings were attributed to her husband or to the renowned Frans Hals. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/list\/art-news\/artists\/who-was-judith-leyster-and-why-was-she-so-important-1234652971\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">It wasn&#39;t until the late 19th century<\/a> that a historian rediscovered her monogram, hidden beneath a forged signature. Gradually, Judith Leyster is finally regaining her rightful place in art history. <\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"instagram-media\" style=\"background: #FFF; border: 0; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: 0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width: 540px; min-width: 326px; padding: 0; width: calc(100% - 2px);\" data-instgrm-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/reel\/DF7hozqt4at\/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading\" data-instgrm-version=\"14\">\n<div style=\"padding: 16px;\">\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;\">\n<div style=\"background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;\">\n<div style=\"background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 19% 0;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"display: block; height: 50px; margin: 0 auto 12px; width: 50px;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding-top: 8px;\">\n<div style=\"color: #3897f0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 550; line-height: 18px;\"> View this post on Instagram <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 12.5% 0;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;\">\n<div>\n<div style=\"background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"background-color: #f4f4f4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-left: 8px;\">\n<div style=\"background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg);\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-left: auto;\">\n<div style=\"width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"background-color: #f4f4f4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;\">\n<div style=\"background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0 7px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;\"> <a style=\"color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/reel\/DF7hozqt4at\/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A post shared by FRANCE 24 (@france24)<\/a> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/www.instagram.com\/embed.js\"><\/script><\/p>\n<h2> When a painting changes its author... and its perspective<\/h2>\n<p> The case of Marie-Denise Villers is equally revealing. At the beginning of the 20th century, an elegant portrait exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York was presented as a work by Jacques-Louis David. This prestigious attribution contributed to its renown. However, extensive research conducted decades later overturned this certainty: the painting was in fact signed by Marie-Denise Villers. This reassessment raises a fascinating question: how many talented female artists remain invisible behind male names?<\/p>\n<h2> Artemisia Gentileschi, a recognition that is always evolving<\/h2>\n<p> Even today, the work of identification continues. Several works long considered anonymous have recently been attributed to Artemisia Gentileschi, a major figure in Italian Baroque painting. Long defined solely by her lineage with her father, she is now recognized for the power of her work and her singular style. These discoveries remind us that art history is not static: it evolves as research progresses.<\/p>\n<h2> Sheet music performed under another name<\/h2>\n<p> The erasure of women was not limited to painting studios. The composer Fanny Mendelssohn, author of hundreds of works, had several of her lieder published under her brother Felix&#39;s name. The anecdote is striking: during a conversation with Queen Victoria, Felix was forced to admit that a piece particularly admired by the sovereign was not by him, but by his sister. Fanny would only publish under her own name at the very end of her life.<\/p>\n<h2> From novelists to scientists, the same pattern<\/h2>\n<p> In literature, Charlotte, Emily, and Anne Bront\u00eb chose male pseudonyms for their published works. Mary Ann Evans became &quot;George Eliot,&quot; while the anonymous publication of Frankenstein fueled speculation for a long time, attributing the novel to &quot;Percy Shelley&quot; rather than Mary Shelley. The sciences were not immune to this phenomenon. Rosalind Franklin played a crucial role in understanding the structure of DNA, while Lise Meitner contributed to the discovery of nuclear fission without receiving the same recognition as some of her male colleagues.<\/p>\n<p>These reattributions go beyond simply correcting an archival error. They allow us to better understand the richness of women&#39;s contributions in all fields of creation and knowledge. Restoring the names of Judith Leyster, Marie-Denise Villers, Artemisia Gentileschi, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Fanny-Mendelssohn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fanny Mendelssohn<\/a> enriches our collective memory. Cultural history does not benefit from erasing voices; it flourishes when it reflects the full diversity of the talents that have shaped it.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"For centuries, women created, composed, wrote, and innovated without always receiving the recognition they deserved. Their talents were...","protected":false},"author":8395,"featured_media":443816,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"disable_msn":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1062],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-443815","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-culture"],"image":{"medium":["https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/cottonbro-studio-_-Pexels-17-200x113.jpg",200,113,true],"large":["https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/cottonbro-studio-_-Pexels-17-500x281.jpg",500,281,true]},"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/cottonbro-studio-_-Pexels-17.jpg","author":{"name":"Clelia Campardon","avatar":"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/clelia-96x96.jpg"},"categories":[{"term_id":1062,"name":"Culture","slug":"culture","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1156,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<p>The Culture section of The Body Optimist picks and analyzes movies, TV shows, books, music and exhibitions through the lens of representation: which bodies, which women and which identities do we see on screen, on the shelves or on stage? Its recommendations, analysis and behind-the-scenes stories are for anyone who loves entertainment but doesn\u2019t check their critical eye at the door.<\/p>\n<h2>What you\u2019ll find in the Culture section<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Movies and TV<\/strong>: new releases, classics worth rewatching and themed watchlists, from cozy fall movies to romantic comedies.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Books<\/strong>: novels, nonfiction and children\u2019s books, including titles that challenge stereotypes about masculinity.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Music and performance<\/strong>: singers, bands and live shows, and the sexist criticism women artists still face.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Art and exhibitions<\/strong>: photography, painting, heritage and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/culture\/long-attributed-to-men-works-actually-signed-by-women-443815\">works long attributed to men that were actually created by women<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kids\u2019 culture<\/strong>: movies and books for talking about difference, disability or consent from an early age.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cultural trends<\/strong>: creativity in the age of artificial intelligence, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/culture\/speed-watching-is-a-trend-that-pushes-us-to-consume-accelerated-videos-429319\">\u201cspeed watching\u201d<\/a> and the comfort of rewatching the same shows.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>How can you tell if a movie, show or book is truly inclusive?<\/h2>\n<p>An inclusive work doesn\u2019t just add a \u201cdifferent\u201d character: it gives that character a story, desires and a point of view. A few questions help you size up a movie, a series or a novel:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Does it pass the Bechdel test, with at least two women who talk to each other about something other than a man?<\/li>\n<li>Do fat, disabled or LGBTQIA+ characters and characters of color exist beyond that single trait?<\/li>\n<li>Is their body used as a punchline, or filmed with the same care as everyone else\u2019s?<\/li>\n<li>Who wrote, directed or illustrated the work?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The concept of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/culture\/female-gaze-regard-redefined-screen-codes-440310\">\u201cfemale gaze\u201d<\/a> also offers a useful framework for analyzing how the camera looks at women.<\/p>\n<h2>Our approach: enjoying culture with eyes wide open<\/h2>\n<p>We love pop culture without ignoring its blind spots. Our picks make room for women writers, directors and artists whose bodies or backgrounds are rarely seen, and our analysis questions how works portray women, fat people and LGBTQIA+ people. A series can be pure fun and still deserve a critical look: the two aren\u2019t mutually exclusive.<\/p>\n<h2>Articles to start with<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>How the artist Sophia Lang makes <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/culture\/how-artist-sophia-lang-makes-body-a-major-central-theme-of-art-435706\">fat bodies a central subject of art<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Why <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/culture\/women-over-60-are-less-represented-in-cinema-than-animals-443362\">women over 60 remain so underrepresented in film<\/a>, according to a study.<\/li>\n<li>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/culture\/the-bourgeois-gaze-concept-questions-how-the-working-classes-are-represented-437880\">\u201cbourgeois gaze\u201d<\/a>, a concept that questions how working-class people are portrayed on screen.<\/li>\n<li>What lies behind the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/culture\/the-success-of-horror-films-among-women-is-a-fascinating-hidden-phenomenon-447101\">popularity of horror movies among women<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n<h3>What is the \u201cfemale gaze\u201d?<\/h3>\n<p>The \u201cfemale gaze\u201d is a way of filming or telling stories that invites the audience to share the experience of female characters instead of presenting them as objects of desire. The idea responds to the \u201cmale gaze,\u201d a concept developed by British film theorist Laura Mulvey to describe cinema built around a male point of view.<\/p>\n<h3>Why does body representation in movies, TV and books matter?<\/h3>\n<p>Movies, TV shows and books help define what we see as beautiful, normal or desirable. Seeing fat, older, disabled or LGBTQIA+ people in fully developed roles, not just as sidekicks, broadens those reference points. Recognizing yourself in a heroine helps you feel legitimate, and diversity on screen helps push back against stereotypes.<\/p>\n<h3>How do you choose inclusive movies and books for kids?<\/h3>\n<p>Look for stories where a diverse range of heroines and heroes take action and make decisions, without roles reserved for one gender. Themed lists on consent, difference or disability make the choice easier. Watching or reading together then opens the conversation: what your child understood, what surprised them, what they would have done in the character\u2019s place.<\/p>\n<p>Want to go further? Our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/societe\">Society<\/a> section extends these reflections on norms and discrimination, and our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/people\">Celebrities<\/a> section follows the artists who speak out about their bodies and mental health.<\/p>","parent":0,"count":716,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1062,"category_count":716,"category_description":"<p>The Culture section of The Body Optimist picks and analyzes movies, TV shows, books, music and exhibitions through the lens of representation: which bodies, which women and which identities do we see on screen, on the shelves or on stage? Its recommendations, analysis and behind-the-scenes stories are for anyone who loves entertainment but doesn\u2019t check their critical eye at the door.<\/p>\n<h2>What you\u2019ll find in the Culture section<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Movies and TV<\/strong>: new releases, classics worth rewatching and themed watchlists, from cozy fall movies to romantic comedies.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Books<\/strong>: novels, nonfiction and children\u2019s books, including titles that challenge stereotypes about masculinity.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Music and performance<\/strong>: singers, bands and live shows, and the sexist criticism women artists still face.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Art and exhibitions<\/strong>: photography, painting, heritage and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/culture\/long-attributed-to-men-works-actually-signed-by-women-443815\">works long attributed to men that were actually created by women<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kids\u2019 culture<\/strong>: movies and books for talking about difference, disability or consent from an early age.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cultural trends<\/strong>: creativity in the age of artificial intelligence, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/culture\/speed-watching-is-a-trend-that-pushes-us-to-consume-accelerated-videos-429319\">\u201cspeed watching\u201d<\/a> and the comfort of rewatching the same shows.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>How can you tell if a movie, show or book is truly inclusive?<\/h2>\n<p>An inclusive work doesn\u2019t just add a \u201cdifferent\u201d character: it gives that character a story, desires and a point of view. A few questions help you size up a movie, a series or a novel:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Does it pass the Bechdel test, with at least two women who talk to each other about something other than a man?<\/li>\n<li>Do fat, disabled or LGBTQIA+ characters and characters of color exist beyond that single trait?<\/li>\n<li>Is their body used as a punchline, or filmed with the same care as everyone else\u2019s?<\/li>\n<li>Who wrote, directed or illustrated the work?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The concept of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/culture\/female-gaze-regard-redefined-screen-codes-440310\">\u201cfemale gaze\u201d<\/a> also offers a useful framework for analyzing how the camera looks at women.<\/p>\n<h2>Our approach: enjoying culture with eyes wide open<\/h2>\n<p>We love pop culture without ignoring its blind spots. Our picks make room for women writers, directors and artists whose bodies or backgrounds are rarely seen, and our analysis questions how works portray women, fat people and LGBTQIA+ people. A series can be pure fun and still deserve a critical look: the two aren\u2019t mutually exclusive.<\/p>\n<h2>Articles to start with<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>How the artist Sophia Lang makes <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/culture\/how-artist-sophia-lang-makes-body-a-major-central-theme-of-art-435706\">fat bodies a central subject of art<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Why <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/culture\/women-over-60-are-less-represented-in-cinema-than-animals-443362\">women over 60 remain so underrepresented in film<\/a>, according to a study.<\/li>\n<li>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/culture\/the-bourgeois-gaze-concept-questions-how-the-working-classes-are-represented-437880\">\u201cbourgeois gaze\u201d<\/a>, a concept that questions how working-class people are portrayed on screen.<\/li>\n<li>What lies behind the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/culture\/the-success-of-horror-films-among-women-is-a-fascinating-hidden-phenomenon-447101\">popularity of horror movies among women<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n<h3>What is the \u201cfemale gaze\u201d?<\/h3>\n<p>The \u201cfemale gaze\u201d is a way of filming or telling stories that invites the audience to share the experience of female characters instead of presenting them as objects of desire. The idea responds to the \u201cmale gaze,\u201d a concept developed by British film theorist Laura Mulvey to describe cinema built around a male point of view.<\/p>\n<h3>Why does body representation in movies, TV and books matter?<\/h3>\n<p>Movies, TV shows and books help define what we see as beautiful, normal or desirable. Seeing fat, older, disabled or LGBTQIA+ people in fully developed roles, not just as sidekicks, broadens those reference points. Recognizing yourself in a heroine helps you feel legitimate, and diversity on screen helps push back against stereotypes.<\/p>\n<h3>How do you choose inclusive movies and books for kids?<\/h3>\n<p>Look for stories where a diverse range of heroines and heroes take action and make decisions, without roles reserved for one gender. Themed lists on consent, difference or disability make the choice easier. Watching or reading together then opens the conversation: what your child understood, what surprised them, what they would have done in the character\u2019s place.<\/p>\n<p>Want to go further? Our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/societe\">Society<\/a> section extends these reflections on norms and discrimination, and our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/people\">Celebrities<\/a> section follows the artists who speak out about their bodies and mental health.<\/p>","cat_name":"Culture","category_nicename":"culture","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/443815","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8395"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=443815"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/443815\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":444636,"href":"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/443815\/revisions\/444636"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/443816"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=443815"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=443815"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ma-grande-taille.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=443815"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}